ELECTRONIC INTRODUCTION
Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing
with the design and application of devices, usually electronic
circuits , the operation of which depends on the flow of electrons
for the generation , transmission, reception ,and storage of
information. The information can consist of voice or music in a
radio receiver ,a picture on a television screen ,or numbers and
other data in a computer. Modern advances in the fields of
computer, control system, communications have a close relationship
with electronics.
【电子学属于工程和应用物理学的范畴，一般研究由电子线路构成的设备的设计和应用。而电子线路的作用是利用电子的流动进行信息的产生、传输、接收和存储。这些信息包括无线接收机中的语音和音乐（音频新号）、电视屏幕上的图像以及计算机中的数字和其他一些数据。近代计算机、控制系统和通信等方面的进展都与电子学有着密切的关系。】
The field of electronics includes the electron tube, transistor,
integrated circuits and so on .
【电子学的范围包括电子管、晶体管和集成电路等。】
Electronics began in 1883, when Thomas Edison discovered the vacuum
diode as part of his research on materials for a practical electric
light . This first electronic device exhibited a nonlinear,
unilateral electrical characteristic but was not capable of
producing amplification of a signal . In 1905 Fleming produced the
first diode in England and in 1906 De Forest made the first triode
in the United States .The widespread applications of vacuum tubes
during that time period were in the communications industry, first
in radio and later in television.
【电子学始于1883年，即爱迪生在 研究材料中发现真空二极管可以用作电灯的那一年。第一个电子装置显示出其非先行的单一电子特征，但是不能产生放大新号。1905年弗莱明在英国制成了第一个二极管。1906年德.福雷斯特在美国研制了第一个三极管。该时期真空管广泛应用于通信工业，真空管首先用于收音机，然后用语电视。】
The transistor ,invented in 1948,has now almost completely replaced the vacuum tube in most of its applications. Incorporating an arrangement of semiconductor materials and electrical contacts , the transistor provides the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced cost ,weight ,and power consumption and with higher reliability . subsequent advances in semiconductor technology ,in part attributable to the intensity of research associated with the space-exporation effort, led to the development of the integrated circuit.
【1948年发明了晶体管，目前，在大多数应用晶体管的领域晶体管几乎完全替代了真空管。晶体管把半导体材料的结构和电气触点结合在一起，具有和真空管相同的功能，但是却减少了成本、重量和功耗，并具有更高的可靠性。半导体技术后来的一些进步，部分地可归功于与太空探索相关的研究和努力，导致了集成电路的进步和发展。】
What allowed the creation of modern processors was the invention of
the integrated circuit, which is a group of transistors
manufactured from a single piece of material and connected together
internally, without extra wiring . integrated circuits are also
called ICs or chips .these transistors are small ,fast and
reliable, and use relatively little power. The first integrated
circuit was invented in 1959 by Texas Instruments. It contained
just six transistors on a single semiconductor surface .
【集成电路的发明为现代处理器的诞生创造了条件。集成电路就是一组用单片材料制造的、内部互连的（无外部连线）晶体管。集成电路则可以称为IC或者芯片。这样的晶体管体积小。速度快。功能可靠，耗能也比较少。第一块集成电路是1959年由德州仪器公司发明的，在一块半导体表面上只含有6个晶体管。】
The integrated circuit industry was moving from the era of
small-scale circuits to large-scale integrated (LSI). Large-scale
integration (LSI) came to refer to the creation of integrated
circuits that had previously been made from multiple discrete
components. These devices typically contained hundreds of
transistors . Early computers were made from many of these smaller
ICs connected together on circuit boards . as the decade of the
1970s came to a close ,a new era in integrated circuits boards. As
the decade of the 1970s came to a close , a new era in (VLSI). VLSI
circuits can contain millions of transistors .
【集成电路从小型电路不断发展成大规模集成电路（LSI）。大规模集成电路是指将先前多个分立部件构成的电路集成化。这些器件通常包含几百个晶体管。早期计算机就是将电路板上多片此类集成电路相互连接而成的。20世纪70年代末，经过10年的发展大规模集成电路时代结束了，迎来的是集成电路的新时代。这个时代以超大规模集成电路（VLSI）为特征，超大规模集成电路能够包含数百万个晶体管。】
Electronic technology is developing rapidly in the world . and electronics industry is equipped to make yet another giant
step forward .
【电子技术正在全世界飞速发展，电子工业正以又一巨大的步伐向前迈进。】
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