在6G试验频率6425至7125 MHz—同频业务中,我们曾提到过自2020年,全球部分国家就陆续开始允许Wi-Fi以非授权方式使用扩展频段5925-7125MHz。在2020年的IEEE 802.11ax(HE:Wi-Fi 6)的标准修订案中定义的使用频率范围也是1GHz至7.125GHz。但去年却无意中发现,在IEEE 802.11be(EHT:Wi-Fi 7)以及11bn(UHR:Wi-Fi 8)的标准草案中,均提到其适用的载波频率范围为1至7.250 GHz。虽然仅仅相差125MHz,但这一悄然的扩展,究竟是怎么回事,又意欲何为呢?
01、IEEE 802.11的定义
先来对比看一下IEEE 802.11ax、11be、11bn标准的情况,根据以下标准的摘要,无疑2020年的11ax标准修订案中还仍然是按照全球多数国家对Wi-Fi 6GHz频段的分配上限7.125 GHz来定义的频率范围。11ax:
Abstract: This amendment defines modifications to both the IEEE 802.11 physical layer (PHY)and the medium access control (MAC) sublayer for high efficiency operation in frequency bands between 1 GHz and 7.125 GHz.
但在2024年11be和2025年11bn的标准草案中,就已然将适用的载波频率范围改为1到7.250GHz。
11be:
Abstract: This amendment defines standardized modifications to both the IEEE Std 802.11 physical layers (PHY) and the Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) that enable at least one mode of operation capable of supporting a maximum throughput of at least 30 Gbit/s, as measured at the MAC data service access point (SAP), with carrier frequency operation between 1 and 7.250 GHz while ensuring backward compatibility and coexistence with legacy IEEE Std 802.11 compliant devices operating in the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz bands. This amendment defines at least one mode of operation capable of improved worst case latency and jitter.
11bn:
Abstract: This amendment defines modifications to both the IEEE Std 802.11 physical layer(PHY) and the IEEE Std 802.11 medium access control (MAC). The amendment adds an ultra high reliability capability to a wireless local area network (WLAN). The ultra-high reliability capability is defined for both an isolated Basic Service Set (BSS) and overlapping BSSs as:
• at least one mode of operation capable of increasing throughput by 25%, as measured at the MAC data service access point, in at least one signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) level (rate-vs-range), compared to the extremely high throughput MAC/PHY operation, and
• at least one mode of operation capable of reducing latency by 25% for the 95th percentile of the latency distribution compared to the extremely high throughput MAC/PHY operation and
• at least one mode of operation capable of reducing MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) loss by 25% compared to the extremely high throughput MAC/PHY operation for a given scenario, especiallyfor transitions between BSSs.
This amendment provides a mechanism to reduce power consumption for access points (APs) (including mobile APs) and improved peer-to-peer (P2P) operation compared to the extremely high throughput MAC/PHY operation. This amendment applies to carrier frequency operation between 1 GHz and 7.250 GHz. This amendment shall ensure backward compatibility and coexistence with legacy IEEE 802.11 devices in the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 6 GHz unlicensed bands.
02、FCC的法规定义
| [Part 15 - RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICES] |
| [Subpart E - Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Devices] |
| [Sec. 15.407 - General technical requirements.] |
从FCC的法规来看,part 15.407是针对5GHz频段U-NII(Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure:不需经许可的国家信息基础设施)设备,规定了其带内发射功率及功率谱密度限值、非期望发射限值、发射功率控制(TPC)与动态频率选择(DFS)、自动频率协调系统(AFC)等内容。从2020年7月27日起,增加了6GHz频段,即5925-7125MHz U-NII设备的相关说明。
例如:For an indoor access point operating in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed 5 dBm e.i.r.p. in any 1-megahertz band. In addition, the maximum e.i.r.p. over the frequency band of operation must not exceed 30 dBm.For transmitters operating within the 5.925-7.125 GHz band: Any emissions outside of the 5.925-7.125 GHz band must not exceed an e.i.r.p. of −27 dBm/MHz.
并且直到目前,15.407也仍然是5925-7125MHz,并没有扩展到7250MHz。然而容易与之混淆的还有part 15.250有关5925-7250 MHz宽带系统运行的规定:
| [Part 15 - RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICES] |
| [Subpart C - Intentional Radiators] |
| [Sec. 15.250 - Operation of wideband systems within the band 5925-7250 MHz.] |
Part 15.250中定义的5925-7250 MHz频段,刚好是我们前面提到的IEEE在Wi-Fi 7/8的标准草案中扩展的频段。但这纯属巧合,并非是因为15.250才进行的扩展。因为15.250的宽带系统运行频段的规定,早在二十多年前就已经定义了,跟Wi-Fi的6GHz扩展频段没有任何关系。它的对象是针对-10dB带宽不低于50 MHz,类似于UWB特征运行的低功率、宽频带设备。以下是它1MHz带宽内的EIRP功率密度限值,可见与UWB的EIRP谱密度限值相当。并且此类设备禁止在飞机/卫星上运行,禁止用于玩具,严格限制室外固定基础设施的使用。
| Frequency in MHz | EIRP in dBm |
|---|---|
| 960-1610 | −75.3 |
| 1610-1990 | −63.3 |
| 1990-3100 | −61.3 |
| 3100-5925 | −51.3 |
| 5925-7250 | −41.3 |
| 7250-10600 | −51.3 |
| Above 10600 | −61.3 |
03、实际的原因
继续探究其原因,让我们先来看下面这张图,包含了Wi-Fi扩展频段5925-7125MHz的不同带宽(20MHz、40MHz、80MHz、160MHz、320MHz)下的信道号划分。在 5925-7125 MHz 的6GHz频段内,Wi-Fi的信道编号遵循一个固定的公式:
中心频率 (MHz) = 5940 + 信道编号 × 5
7125MHz的上限截止频率,虽说已经扩展了1.2GHz的频宽,但却略显尴尬。假如可以进一步扩展至7250MHz,则:
- 对于320MHz带宽来说,可以从3个信道增加至4个信道;对160MHz带宽来说,可以从7个信道增加至8个信道;对80MHz带宽来说,可以从14个信道增加至15个信道;。。。。。。
所以说,这125 MHz虽只是一小段频谱,但其作用不可小觑。这意味着需要跨多个不同信道部署大量AP以避免干扰的企业Wi-Fi部署,可以更灵活地使用160MHz信道,从而获得巨大的速度和容量提升。Wi-Fi 7中160 MHz信道的理论峰值速度高达23Gbps。这听起来可能有些夸张,也许有人觉得还不需要这么高的速率,但其实不然。
当前6GHz频段或许能同时支持约10个配备如AR/VR头显(HMD)设备的用户,而160MHz则能在办公室内支持大约50个HMD同时运行。这是在为Wi-Fi的未来做准备,确保能为超高密度场景提供支持。
所以,英特尔(Intel)和博通(Broadcom)联手向FCC演示了这一额外频谱分配,即7125-7250MHz带来的优势。他们认为,美国当前的6GHz频谱分配已延伸至7.125GHz,而在其之上的7.125至7.250GHz之间的一小段频谱也具备分配给Wi-Fi的潜力。
如今Wi-Fi行业正力争将这一“搁置频段”纳入现有6GHz低功率室内(LPI)规则下作为Wi-Fi频段使用。所以说芯片厂家们,他们早已将扩展至7.250 GHz的频段纳入到芯片设计之中,并且仅需软件升级即可实现,因为往往硬件规划通常需要提前四年,所以要走在法规政策之前。
而IEEE作为民间的科学家组织,自然会根据产业界的需求,为未来预留技术空间,进行前瞻性研究。无论未来各国频谱监管机构是否真的会开放7.125至7.250GHz给Wi-Fi使用,都不影响它将这一既定的能力上限落地在标准之中。
注:本文图片均来自R&S公司。
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